Questions attorneys and paralegals ask us
Written for legal departments who carry those files daily and individual clients instructing service across the Caribbean. The answers below are the ones we give on the telephone, set down in writing so that you can forward them to a supervising attorney or to your own client without having to translate them first.
If your question is not here, please telephone or message the desk. You will reach a person who knows the islands, there is no charge for asking and no obligation to instruct us afterwards, and if the honest answer is that something cannot properly be done, you will be told so plainly.
Compliance and validity
Do you understand the rules of civil procedure in the jurisdiction I am filing in?
Yes. This firm has worked under the Code of Civil Procedure, or the local equivalent, in each of the jurisdictions on our coverage list since 1988. Our licensed bailiffs and process servers work to the service requirements, permissible methods and documentation standards of the island concerned, not to a single generic procedure applied everywhere.
Before any attempt is made we tell you which method is correct in that jurisdiction and, where an international channel governs your document, which channel applies. If a request cannot properly be carried out as instructed, we say so at the outset and set out what can be done instead.
What constitutes good service in the Caribbean?
It varies by jurisdiction, and the distinction matters a great deal when service is later examined by a court. In the common-law jurisdictions — Jamaica, the British Virgin Islands, the Bahamas and the Eastern Caribbean among them — personal service on the defendant remains the gold standard, with substituted service available on the order of the court.
In the civil-law and Dutch-derived jurisdictions, including Curaçao, Aruba, Bonaire, Suriname and the Dominican Republic, formal service is ordinarily a matter for a licensed bailiff (gerechtsdeurwaarder, or huissier de justice in the French territories, now titled commissaire de justice).
Where that is the position, we identify and instruct the competent officer, transmit the file properly, follow the execution through and return the completed document to you. You keep one point of contact throughout and you are never handed a directory and left to arrange it yourself.
Will your process server appear in court if service is contested?
Yes. Our process servers and licensed bailiffs are available to give evidence as neutral third parties as to the manner, time and circumstances of service, and we will prepare a detailed witness statement and liaise with your litigation team.
In practice it is a rare event; we have not been summoned to attend court in relation to a serve. Attendance at a local court is included in the fee. Travel to another island is charged at cost and agreed with you in writing beforehand.
How do you reduce the risk of invalid service?
Four ways, in this order. A jurisdictional review before anyone goes out, to establish the correct method. Repeated attempts, so that due diligence is on the record rather than asserted. Full documentation of every attempt, including photographs of the location where that is lawful and practical. And a sworn affidavit or certificate prepared in the form your court expects.
If we think a serve is likely to be challenged, or that the address you hold will not withstand scrutiny, you hear it before the attempt rather than after it. We would far rather have that conversation early, while you still have options, than hand you a problem later.
Are your affidavits sworn and notarised?
Yes. Where a jurisdiction requires an attorney-prepared affidavit we coordinate with a local attorney to draft and witness the sworn statement. Where notary public services are available we provide a notarised affidavit.
In jurisdictions where notaries are uncommon, including parts of the Eastern Caribbean, certification before a Justice of the Peace is used and is equally valid under local law. Tell us what your court requires — affidavit, certificate, or both — and we confirm the evidentiary position before the documentation is prepared rather than afterwards.
Documentation and proof
What proof of service do I receive?
A complete package, prepared for filing: a sworn Affidavit of Service setting out the manner, date, time and location of service; a Certificate of Service attested by a Notary Public or Justice of the Peace where that applies; a written report of every attempt made; and the return of service in the form your court expects.
Where it is lawful and practical to do so we include photographs of the location — house number, business signage, street view, and any access difficulty such as a gated community or site security. A scanned copy of the sworn affidavit reaches you by email before the original leaves us, so that you are able to report to your client the same day.
How will I be kept informed?
By email or WhatsApp, from the person handling your matter rather than from an automated system, at each stage: receipt of your documents, the first attempt, any further attempts, service itself, and completion of the affidavit. We report as soon as we hear from the agent on the ground.
We are conscious that most of a paralegal’s week is spent being asked for an update, so our reports are written to be forwarded exactly as they stand. You should never have to chase us in order to have something to tell your client.
Do you handle apostille and legalisation for enforcement abroad?
Yes, where it is required. We obtain apostille certification through the relevant government office — the Ministry of Legal Affairs or the Attorney General’s Chambers, depending on the island — for Hague Convention member states, and manage legalisation through diplomatic channels for non-member states.
This is an additional service, and it frequently matters where a foreign judgment will later be enforced on the strength of our service documentation. The cost is confirmed to you in writing before the work begins.
Speed and deadlines
What is your usual turnaround?
Every instruction is treated as urgent and we do not hold papers. Service on a registered agent or registered office is ordinarily the quickest work we do; personal service on an individual depends on the island, the address and whether the person wishes to be found.
We would rather give you an honest estimate for the jurisdiction in front of us than a headline figure that suits some files and misleads on others. Tell us the island and the address and you will be told what is realistic for that matter, in writing, before you commit a deadline to it.
Can you meet a statutory deadline?
Statutory deadlines are not negotiable, and we treat yours as ours. We review the jurisdictional position before attempting service so that no procedural delay arises, keep you informed of the position on the ground as it develops, and prepare the affidavit promptly so that proof of service is in your hands in good time for filing.
If a deadline is not achievable, you will hear that from us at the outset and not the day before. That is the single most valuable thing we can tell you, and it is why we ask for the date at the point of instruction.
Do you serve at weekends and on public holidays?
Yes, where local law permits. In many Caribbean jurisdictions personal service is valid on any day of the week, including public holidays, and we confirm the position before scheduling an attempt.
Most courts will not accept service effected on a Sunday. Where a court does permit it and we know the respondent attends church, we have been known to wait outside the church building. Never inside.
Coverage and specialist work
Which jurisdictions do you cover?
The English-speaking Caribbean, the Dutch Caribbean, the French territories, the Hispanic Caribbean, Bermuda, and parts of Central and South America — each with its own service page setting out the terrain, the addresses, the language of the paperwork and the thing that usually goes wrong there.
The coverage list on the home page lists every jurisdiction with a desk note, and the United Kingdom as well, which is frequently useful when a Caribbean trace ends at a British address. If a territory is not listed, please ask before you tell a client no; we place agents on request, and there is very little in this region we have not been asked to do since 1988.
Can you serve a defendant who has been deported from the United States?
Yes. Tracing individuals removed to their Caribbean country of origin is specialist work we undertake regularly, most often in foreclosure, family law and debt matters where the defendant was previously resident in the United States.
Our contacts can frequently confirm the arrival date and the landing address given, after which personal service is attempted. Tracing is quoted separately and agreed with you in writing before it begins.
Do you serve offshore companies in the BVI, Cayman, the Bahamas and St Kitts and Nevis?
Yes, and it is a substantial part of our work — BVI companies, Cayman funds and other offshore entities. We verify the current registered agent through the local companies registry, confirm the standing of the entity, and serve at the registered office or the principal place of business.
One caution worth raising early, because it is the commonest difficulty in this work: a registered office is very often a law or accountancy practice acting as agent, and serving the agent is not necessarily serving the person named in your complaint. Tell us which of the two you actually need and we will tell you plainly whether the address you hold achieves it. Where the immediate entity is a shell or a subsidiary, we can map the corporate structure around it.
Can you provide references from other attorney clients?
Yes, and we are glad to. Our references page carries testimonials from US attorney services, forwarding companies, solicitors and licensed investigators, and we will put you in touch with an instructing attorney on request.
Several of the offices who instruct us have done so for decades, and some now send work through a second generation of paralegals. That is the reference we are proudest of.
Fees and billing
Why aren’t you the cheapest option?
Our fees reflect the work behind each serve, not just the delivery of documents. We check the details, coordinate with experienced local agents, keep you informed and prepare the agreed proof of service.
In some locations, including parts of Central America and Haiti, security risks and difficulties gaining safe access must also be factored into the fee. We take the wellbeing of our local agents seriously and will not treat their safety as a corner to cut.
Your client trusts you to see their case through with care. We bring that same commitment to your instructions, with personal oversight and a fee agreed before work begins.
Is your fee really all-inclusive?
The fee is fixed and agreed with you in writing before any work begins, and for the great majority of matters it covers the whole of it: repeated attempts at the address, inland travel, the documentation, the swearing of the affidavit and the progress reporting.
Additional cost arises only in defined circumstances — where you ask for expedited attention, where the address is unknown and tracing is needed, where travel to another island is necessary, or where apostille certification is required. Nothing additional is ever incurred without your written agreement first, so the figure you have already put in front of your client is the figure that appears on the invoice.
Do you offer credit terms to law firms and forwarding agents?
Yes. Established law firms and forwarding companies with a billing history with us are invoiced on agreed commercial terms. We accept card payment and bank transfer in US dollars, Canadian dollars, pounds sterling and euro, and escrow arrangements can be made for high-value matters.
Terms are stated on the invoice and agreed before we begin. If your firm would rather set us up as a supplier in advance, ask — the bank details are published on the fee page for exactly that purpose, and we are happy to complete a W-8 or a supplier form.
What happens if service proves impossible?
If, after proper due diligence and repeated attempts, service is genuinely impossible — the defendant has died, has permanently left the jurisdiction, or the address does not exist — we provide a detailed written report of the attempts made and of what we established. That report is frequently what a court needs to see in support of an application for substituted service, and we will discuss the position and the fee with you fairly.
Where we recommended tracing, it was declined, and the serve then failed on a bad address, the fee stands. That is precisely why we recommend confirming the address first, and why we will tell you when we think your client’s money is better spent on a trace than on an attempt.
Instructing us
How do I send documents for service?
Email them to Caribbean.Process@hotmail.com, or message the desk on WhatsApp at +44 776 837 4677. Both are read by a person and receipt is confirmed in writing. Please send the documents themselves and any privileged case detail by email rather than WhatsApp. Scanned copies are entirely sufficient; nothing needs to be couriered to us in order to begin.
Please tell us the jurisdiction, the respondent’s full name as it appears on the document, the last known address, your filing deadline, the form of proof your court requires, and anything you already know about the person — particularly anything suggesting that they do not wish to be found.
How have you managed to stay in business for 38 years?
By being accessible. We deal with colleagues warmly, knowing we are all under the same results-based pressure — which means honesty and teamwork, not excuses.
We give real-life reports on local areas. No sugar-coating. This site carries a lot of information we trust will help you make an informed decision, some of it links and detail you have probably not come across before.
Our island teams are reliable professionals, yet jovial and not cold. We are approachable, real humans, and we hope the site itself gives some flavour rather than appearing cold — just like some of the others.
When we say WhatsApp us at any time, we mean it. We are here to serve, so you will not be inconveniencing us by messaging at 7pm, 6am or midnight your time.
We look forward to assisting you.
Can I telephone and ask a question before I instruct you?
Please do. It is genuinely the part of the week we like best, and there is no charge and no obligation to instruct us afterwards. Ask what an address in a Jamaican parish actually means. Ask whether a Castries registered office is your defendant or his agent. Ask whether a French island requires a commissaire de justice before you file, whether a trip to a private island is worth your client’s money, or whether the form of proof your court wants is achievable there at all.
The toll-free lines for the United States and the United Kingdom are in the footer of every page. We would far rather spend ten minutes on the telephone with you than watch a good case founder on a bad address.
Is there a client portal?
No, and that is deliberate. The offices who instruct us tell us they would rather have a named person who tells them at once when there is something they ought to know, than a login that shows a status field. You deal with one point of contact from instruction to sworn affidavit.
What kind of firm are we actually instructing?
A small and deliberately homely one, established in 1988, with its own desk in St Mary, Jamaica, an office in London, and agents it has worked with for years rather than sourced from a list. You will not be passed between departments, and the person who answers will remember your last matter without being reminded of it.
The attorneys, paralegals and legal assistants who send us work have, in many cases, been sending it for twenty and thirty years. We treat them as family, because after this long that is simply what has happened — and it is the reason we would rather tell you an unwelcome truth about an address than take an instruction we cannot honour.
Nothing on this page is legal advice on your matter, and we are not attorneys. Requirements differ by island and by court, so we confirm the position for your specific jurisdiction before service is attempted.
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